Water supplied to domestic properties such as for tap water or other uses, may be further treated before use, often using an in-line treatment process. It is therefore common practice to keep residual disinfectants in the treated water to kill bacteriological contamination during distribution and to keep the pipes clean. Measures taken to ensure water quality not only relate to the treatment of the water, but to its conveyance and distribution after treatment. These substances continue to cause great harm to several less developed countries who do not have access to effective water purification systems. Research including Professor Linda Lawton's group at Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen is working to improve detection of cyanobacteria. The removal or destruction of microbial pathogens is essential, and commonly involves the use of reactive chemical agents such as suspended solids, to remove bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, and minerals including iron and manganese. Faeces can be a source of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths. In general terms, the greatest microbial risks are associated with ingestion of water that is contaminated with human or animal (including bird) faeces. Treatment for drinking water production involves the removal of contaminants and/or inactivation of any potentially harmful microbes from raw water to produce water that is pure enough for human consumption without any short term or long term risk of any adverse health effect. Typical drinking water treatment processes Industries generate wastewater as a result of fabrication processes, processes dealing with paper and pulp, textiles, chemicals, and from various streams such as cooling towers, boilers, and production lines. ![]() The wastewater may have a high proportion of organic and inorganic contaminants at the initial discharge. ![]() The effluent from various enterprises, which contains varying levels of contaminants, is dumped into rivers or other water resources. Water contamination is primarily caused by the discharge of untreated wastewater from enterprises. Main articles: Water purification, Drinking water, and water supply
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